A groundbreaking study by the University of Oxford has shed light on the profound influence of DNA on life expectancy, reproductive health, and fertility. This comprehensive review of genetic discoveries reveals how specific genes affect reproductive traits, including the timing of childbirth, menopause, and overall longevity.
The study, which examined 159 genetic analyses and identified 37 key genes, provides critical insights into the genetic factors underlying reproductive traits. These include the age of first childbirth, menopause timing, and hormone regulation involving testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Researchers highlighted the gene FSHB (follicle-stimulating hormone subunit beta) as a key regulator of reproductive health, influencing 11 different reproductive outcomes such as the onset of menstruation and menopause. This underscores its significant role in both reproductive health and ageing.
“This study consolidates decades of research on the genetics of reproduction, providing new insights into shared genetic links between fertility, health, and longevity,” said Professor Melinda Mills, senior lead author and director of the Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science at Oxford Population Health. “With parenthood increasingly delayed to later ages, understanding the genetic factors shaping reproductive health and fertility windows is more important than ever.”
The review revealed a complex interplay between reproductive genes and broader health outcomes, including hormone-sensitive cancers, body mass index (BMI), and psychiatric traits. For instance, the ESR1 (estrogen receptor 1) gene is linked to both reproductive traits and cancer risks. Early puberty or delayed menopause may increase susceptibility to hormone-sensitive cancers such as breast cancer while also correlating with a longer lifespan.
Lead researcher Dr. Stefanía Benónísdóttir emphasized the significance of consolidating these findings for advancing healthcare. “Our study offers a clearer picture of how genetic factors shape reproductive health, providing a foundation for tackling infertility and understanding reproductive ageing,” she said.
The research also tackled the underexplored area of male fertility genetics. The study identified genes like DNAH2, which are pivotal for testosterone levels and sperm function, making them crucial for understanding male reproductive health.
“Male reproductive health is vital for overall fertility yet remains under-researched,” noted co-author Vincent Straub, a DPhil student at the Leverhulme Centre. “By delving into the genetics of male infertility, we aim to uncover new insights and potential treatments for reproductive challenges.”
This study highlights the dual impact of genetic factors on fertility and broader health outcomes, offering essential insights for medical advancements in reproductive health, ageing, and related conditions.
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