Male infertility refers to difficulty in conceiving due to factors related to the male partner. It is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse.
Causes of Male Infertility
Dr. Vandana Ramanathan, a Consultant in Reproductive Medicine at Garbhagudi IVF Centre, explained that male infertility is diagnosed through a medical history review, physical examination, and semen analysis. Semen analysis is critical as it assesses sperm count, motility (movement), morphology (shape), and overall quality. Abnormalities in these areas, along with hormonal imbalances, are common causes of male infertility.
Factors Affecting Sperm Quality
Dr. Ramanathan identified several factors that can impact sperm production and function:
Genetic conditions like Klinefelter syndrome and cystic fibrosis.
Varicocele: Enlargement of veins around the testes that affects sperm production.
Undescended testes: Leads to increased heat and reduced sperm production.
Testicular injuries or torsion: Can disrupt blood flow and affect sperm formation.
Infections: Conditions like mumps can harm sperm production.
Exposure to toxins and pesticides: Can negatively impact sperm health.
Cancer treatments: Chemotherapy and radiation can reduce sperm production.
Excessive heat exposure: Frequent use of hot tubs and saunas can affect sperm quality.
Lifestyle choices: Smoking, excessive alcohol, and drug use can all impact fertility.
Chronic conditions: Diabetes, high blood pressure, thyroid disorders, and hormonal imbalances can disrupt sperm health.
Certain medications: Drugs like antidepressants and anabolic steroids can interfere with sperm production.
Age and Male Fertility
Dr. Ramanathan also noted that age affects male fertility. While women’s fertility typically declines after age 34-35, men experience a gradual decrease in sperm quality starting around age 45. However, men can remain fertile longer if their sperm health is maintained.
By understanding and addressing these factors, men can take proactive steps to improve their fertility.
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